# Lesson 10 Intro

## Prerequisites and What to Expect

Before proceeding, you should understand how to manipulate lists. Consider reviewing key procedures like map and filter.

In this section, we'll learn about streams and some of their applications.

This lesson is based on SICP 3.5.

## Introduction to Streams

We've gained a good understanding of assignment as a tool in modeling, as well as an appreciation of the complex problems that assignment raises. It is time to ask whether we could have gone about things in a different way, so as to avoid some of these problems. In this section, we explore an alternative approach to modeling state, based on data structures called streams. As we shall see, streams can mitigate some of the complexity of modeling state.

Let's step back and review where this complexity comes from. In an attempt to model real-world phenomena, we made some apparently reasonable decisions: We modeled real-world objects with local state by computational objects with local variables. We identified time variation in the real world with time variation in the computer. We implemented the time variation of the states of the model objects in the computer with assignments to the local variables of the model objects.

Is there another approach? Can we avoid identifying time in the computer with time in the modeled world? Must we make the model change with time in order to model phenomena in a changing world? Think about the issue in terms of mathematical functions. We can describe the time-varying behavior of a quantity x as a function of time x(t). If we concentrate on x instant by instant, we think of it as a changing quantity. Yet if we concentrate on the entire time history of values, we do not emphasize change-the function itself does not change.

If time is measured in discrete steps, then we can model a time function as a (possibly infinite) sequence. In this section, we will see how to model change in terms of sequences that represent the time histories of the systems being modeled. To accomplish this, we introduce new data structures called streams. From an abstract point of view, a stream is simply a sequence. However, we will find that the straightforward implementation of streams as lists (as in section 2.2.1) doesn't fully reveal the power of stream processing. As an alternative, we introduce the technique of delayed evaluation, which enables us to represent very large (even infinite) sequences as streams.

Stream processing lets us model systems that have state without ever using assignment or mutable data. This has important implications, both theoretical and practical, because we can build models that avoid the drawbacks inherent in introducing assignment. On the other hand, the stream framework raises difficulties of its own, and the question of which modeling technique leads to more modular and more easily maintained systems remains open.

## List Inefficiency

Since Lesson 4, we've been using lists to represent sequences. But there are downsides to list representations. Manipulating these list sequences require that our programs construct and copy data structures (which could be huge) at every step of the process.

Let's see this in action. This procedure is written in the iterative style we know and love:

(define (sum-primes a b)
(define (iter count accum)
(cond ((> count b) accum)
((prime? count) (iter (+ count 1) (+ count accum)))
(else (iter (+ count 1) accum))))
(iter a 0))


This second procedure makes use of accumulate, filter, and enumerate-interval.

(define (sum-primes a b)
(accumulate +
0
(filter prime? (enumerate-interval a b))))


In carrying out the computation, the first program needs only to store the sum being accumulated. In contrast, the filter in the second program cannot do any testing until enumerate-interval has constructed a complete list of the numbers in the interval. The filter generates another list, which in turn is passed to accumulate before being collapsed to form a sum.

Such large intermediate storage is not needed by the first program, which we can think of as enumerating the interval incrementally, adding each prime to the sum as it is generated.

Here's another example of list inefficiency:

(car (cdr (filter prime?
(enumerate-interval 10000 1000000))))


This code generates a huge list of integers and a huge list of primes, even though we only want the second prime number!

## Why Streams?

With streams, we can manipulate sequences without incurring the costs of manipulating sequences as lists. With streams we can achieve the best of both worlds: We can formulate programs elegantly as sequence manipulations, while attaining the efficiency of incremental computation. The basic idea is to construct a stream only partially, and to pass the partial construction to the program that consumes the stream. If the consumer attempts to access a part of the stream that has not yet been constructed, the stream will automatically construct just enough more of itself to produce the required part, thus preserving the illusion that the entire stream exists. In other words, although we will write programs as if we were processing complete sequences, we design our stream implementation to automatically and transparently interleave the construction of the stream with its use.