# Homework 5

## Template

Type the following into the terminal to copy the template file to the current directory (note the period at the end):

cp ~cs61as/autograder/templates/hw5.rkt .


If you are working on the lab computers, the grader command will run the autograder. If you are working on your own personal machine, you should download grader.rkt and the HW 5 tests.

## Exercise 1: SICP 2.26

Suppose we define x and y to be two lists:

(define x (list 1 2 3))
(define y (list 4 5 6))


What result is printed by the interpreter in response to evaluating each of the following expressions?

(append x y)
(cons x y)
(list x y)


## Exercise 2: SICP 2.29

A binary mobile consists of two branches, a left branch and a right branch. Each branch is a rod of a certain length, from which hangs either a weight or another binary mobile. We can represent a binary mobile using compound data by constructing it from two branches (for example, using list):

(define (make-mobile left right)
(list left right))


A branch is constructed from a length (which must be a number) together with a structure, which may be either a number (representing a simple weight) or another mobile:

(define (make-branch len structure)
(list len structure))


a. Write the corresponding selectors left-branch and right-branch, which return the branches of a mobile, and branch-length and branch-structure, which return the components of a branch.

b. Using your selectors, define a procedure total-weight that returns the total weight of a mobile.

c. A mobile is said to be balanced if the torque applied by its top-left branch is equal to that applied by its top-right branch (that is, if the length of the left rod multiplied by the weight hanging from that rod is equal to the corresponding product for the right side) and if each of the submobiles hanging off its branches is balanced. Design a predicate that tests whether a binary mobile is balanced.

d. Suppose we change the representation of mobiles so that the constructors are

(define (make-mobile left right) (cons left right))
(define (make-branch len structure)
(cons len structure))


How much do you need to change your programs to convert to the new representation?

## Exercise 3: SICP 2.30, 2.31

a. Define a procedure square-tree analogous to the square-list procedure. That is, square-tree should behave as follows:

> (square-tree (list 1 (list 2 (list 3 4) 5) (list 6 7)))
(1 (4 (9 16) 25) (36 49))


b. Abstract your answer to produce a procedure tree-map with the property that square-tree could be defined as:

(define (square-tree tree) (tree-map square tree))

## Exercise 4: SICP 2.36

The procedure accumulate-n is similar to accumulate except that it takes as its third argument a sequence of sequences, which are all assumed to have the same number of elements. It applies the designated accumulation procedure to combine all the first elements of the sequences, all the second elements of the sequences, and so on, and returns a sequence of the results. For instance, if s is a sequence containing four sequences, ((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9) (10 11 12)), then the value of (accumulate-n + 0 s) should be the sequence(22 26 30). Fill in the missing expressions in the following definition of accumulate-n:

(define (accumulate-n op init seqs)
(if (null? (car seqs))
'()
(cons (accumulate op init <??>)
(accumulate-n op init <??>))))


## Exercise 5

Suppose we represent vectors v = (vi) as sequences of numbers, and matrices m = (mi,j) as sequences of vectors (the rows of the matrix). For example, the matrix

is represented as the sequence ((1 2 3 4) (4 5 6 6) (6 7 8 9)). With this representation, we can use sequence operations to concisely express the basic matrix and vector operations. These operations (which are described in any book on matrix algebra) are the following:

We can define the dot product as

(define (dot-product v w)
(accumulate + 0 (map * v w)))


Fill in the missing expressions in the following procedures for computing the other matrix operations. (The procedure accumulate-n is defined in the previous exercise)

(define (matrix-*-vector m v)
(map <??> m))

(define (transpose mat)
(accumulate-n <??> <??> mat))

(define (matrix-*-matrix m n)
(let ((cols (transpose n)))
(map <??> m)))


## Exercise 6: SICP 2.38

The accumulate procedure is also known as fold-right, because it combines the first element of the sequence with the result of combining all the elements to the right. There is also a fold-left, which is similar to fold-right, except that it combines elements working in the opposite direction:

(define (fold-left op initial sequence)
(define (iter result rest)
(if (null? rest)
result
(iter (op result (car rest))
(cdr rest))))
(iter initial sequence))


What are the values of the following:

(fold-right / 1 (list 1 2 3))
(fold-left / 1 (list 1 2 3))
(fold-right list nil (list 1 2 3))
(fold-left list nil (list 1 2 3))


Describe a property that op should satisfy to guarantee that fold-right and fold-left will produce the same values for any sequence.

## Exercise 7: SICP 2.54

Two lists are said to be equal if they contain equal elements arranged in the same order. For example,

(equal? '(this is a list) '(this is a list))


is true, but

(equal? '(this is a list) '(this (is a) list))


is false. To be more precise, we can define equal? recursively in terms of the basic eq? equality of symbols by saying that a and b are equal? if they are both symbols and the symbols are eq?, or if they are both lists such that (car a) is equal? to (car b) and (cdr a) is equal? to (cdr b). Using this idea, implement equal? as a procedure.

Note: you should know by now that equal? is a built-in procedure as well. This means your definition will overwrite the built-in definition.

## Exercise 8

We can represent a set as a list of distinct elements, and we can represent the set of all subsets of the set as a list of lists. For example, if the set is (1 2 3), then the set of all subsets is (() (3) (2) (2 3) (1) (1 3) (1 2) (1 2 3)). Complete the following definition of a procedure that generates the set of subsets of a set and give a clear explanation of why it works:

(define (subsets s)
(if (null? s)
(list nil)
(let ((rest (subsets (cdr s))))
(append rest (map <??> rest)))))


## Exercise 9

Extend calc.rkt to include words as data, providing the operations first, butfirst, last, butlast, and word. Unlike Racket, your calculator should treat words as self-evaluating expressions except when seen as the operator of a compound expression. That is, it should work like these examples:

calc: foo
foo
calc: (first foo)
f
calc: (first (butfirst hello))
e


Remember, you can get the program by typing

cp ~cs61as/lib/calc.rkt .

## Exercise 10: Extra for Experts

Do this if you want to. This is NOT for credit.

Read section 2.3.4 and do exercises 2.67 - 2.72.

## Exercise 11: Extra for Experts

Do this if you want to. This is NOT for credit.

Programming by example: In some programming systems, instead of writing an algorithm, you give examples of how you'd like the program to behave, and the language figures out the algorithm itself:

> (define pairup (regroup '((1 2) (3 4) ...)))
> (pairup '(the rain in spain stays mainly on the plain))
((the rain) (in spain) (stays mainly) (on the))


Write regroup. Read ~cs61as/lib/regroup.problem for details.

For instructions, see this guide. It covers basic terminal commands and assignment submission.

If you have any trouble submitting, do not hesitate to ask a TA!